Bottle nose dolphins

Dolphins live in large water bodies which may either be salty or fresh waters. They are thirty two types of dolphins where by bottle nose dolphin is on of them. Bottle nose dolphins are taxonomically classified as follows; they belong to the class animalia, order- catecea, sub order-odontoceti, family-delphinidae, genus-turssiops and speacies-truncutus. Bottle nose dolphin is the most well known cetaceans’. This is due to its use in marine parks, research activities, and in navy sensing example it’s used by United States navy to sense an enemy. The bottle nose dolphin is mostly found at along the shores of United States.Through research scientists have been able to show that they are two species of bottle nose dolphins existing. The common one is turssiops trancutus which is found in most warm tropical oceans. Their color sometimes almost blue has a dark line from beak to blowhole. The second type of bottle nose dolphin is the indo-Pacific bottle nose dolphin turssiops aduncus living in waters around India-Australia and south china. Bottle nose dolphin hunting and strategies Bottle nose dolphin show aggressive behavior in its environment as they pursue prey and predators they fight among themselves when they are competing for food.Some researchers’ have established that some species of bottle nose dolphins kill harbor porpoises. However they do not eat them but they just kill the porpoises to reduce competition for food. Dolphins have large dorsal fins which help in movement, the fins will a dolphin to quickly attack its prey, the fins therefore play a major role in hunting where if the fins were not large enough it would be very difficult for the dolphin to feed. The main menu of the bottle nose dolphin consist of small fish and occasionally feed on squid, crabs ,shrimp and other small animals.Normally they have got cone-shaped strong teeth which they use to grasp their prey. Each bottle nose dolphin is capable of hunting for its own food, but when they are many they apply some skills and strategy whereby they communicate through squeaks, whistles, body language, slapping of tails and butting of head to alert fellow dolphins on presence of food source. They are able to direct a shoal of fish and keep them together as they kill and eat them. They also practice fish whacking where by the stunned fish and thrown out of water where it is easily caught.Bottle nose dolphins also locate prey by producing sound and latter listening to the echo. The echo is transmitted through two small ears near the eye . thus when the echo is returning the object of interest is approached as the echo grows louder. This process of hunting is called etholocation. Bottle nose dolphins have got a strong signal sense; advanced spectral qualities which are well distributed thus help in echolocation qualities. The bottle nose dolphins have sharp eye sight located at the sides of the head and have a reflecting membrane at the back of their retina w hich aids vision in time of dim light.They are also able to both in deep water and air. Conclusion: From the above discussion it is clear that Bottle noser dolphins have unique hunting skills, they have large dorsal fins that help in fast movement which help it catch its food, there are however many types of dolphins, there are over 32 types of dolphins which have differing characteristics and hunting strategies. References: Sea world organization (2008) bottle nose dolphins, retrieved on 26th May, available at http://www. seaworld. org/infobooks/Bottlenose/home. html

A seminar on “Beginning For Beginnger” Essay

A seminar on â€Å"Beginning For Beginnger† was held at DKU at Faculty of Business Managemnet. This seminar was held on 9 June 2012-06-24. This seminar was begin on 2.00Pm – 5PM. It was jointly organised by all part three student who take Mgt538 in this semester. The purpose of the Seminar was to talk about lessons and challenges in facing currunt enviroment on studies and future working enviroment. It focused mainly on the attitutes, styles and action that should be take to faced all the situation. All part three students whose take this subject are compulsory to attented this seminar. The Programme is given at DKU that situated in Faculty of Business Management. The seminar was given by Cik Noor Syuhada,caunsellor Uitm Seri Iskandar Perak. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The seminar was structured in a way that helped participants to walk through the issues, starting from the relevance of the organisational context, along the issues that have to be addressed, the intended or assumed and finally to the actual implementation. The objectives of the seminar were to provide insight in the issues, to identify the mistake ,and to discuss the possible approaches for formulating and implementing tools that can be take. In order to encourage discussion and a more focussed exchange of information practical sessions were scheduled .During these sessions participants could ask some questions and share thoughts with each other and the speakers. THE POSITIVE IMPACTS The seminar participants agreed that : 1. This programs will help them to improve their knowledge on facing their future enviroment especially during their working enviroment. 2. Many participants were given a chance to ask any questions and they also were give a chance to share some idea or tips that will give benefits to all participants. 3. It is important that all parties to attends,it will give a common understanding about what these and other key terms mean. 4. The seminar have give them a lot of tips on attending interviews and facing interviews session that will improve their confident to facing that. THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS The side impacts that can be conclude from the seminar : 1. Some participants not focus during the seminar. 2. They playing games on their mobile phone, chatting, talking and etc. 3. Not all students have confidents to ask questions even they have intention to do so. 4. Sessions for students to discuss among themselves was not held. RECOMMENDATIONS : Some recommendations that can be take are : 1. Small group discussion can be do in oreder to give participants share or discuss among themselves about the issues on the seminar. 2. Students should be ask to switch off their phone during the seminar. 3. Try to encourage students to build up their confident to share, ask or gine opinion during the seminar. CONCLUSIONS : The feedback of the participants confirmed that the seminar was very much appreciated as well as that there is a pressing need for more practical approaches and for other opportunities to discuss the many issues. The speakers came also from different backgrounds and presented the audience with different practical experiences, insights, and views, both at an organisational and national level. It gave a good impression and understanding of the many perspectives. The seminar have improve knowlegde among participant and will benefits to them in facing their future working enviroments.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE - Essay Example This results in organizational politics which may be good or bad for the company depending on the intent of those playing politics. Some play a fair game and for the benefit of the organization while others play politics to achieve personal ends. The question that begs answers therefore, is; is it possible or desirable to eliminate organizational politics? In this essay, I will argue that it is not possible to eliminate organizational politics as long as there are resources to be shared and it is not even desirable to do so as it supports company growth. Organizational politics is defined by Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 387) as â€Å"the activities carried out by people to acquire, enhance and use power and other resources to obtain desired outcomes in a situation where there is uncertainty or disagreement.† Power is very vital in organizations as it determines who gets what, when and how and as such it is not unusual to find employees especially managers fighting for power so as to gain control (Gilmore & Williams 2013: 80). Sometimes power is achieved by the mere fact of a persons position in the organization (legitimate, coercive & reward power) hence those in power use all means to reserve it or gain it by ascending to a position of authority. This entails engaging in political behavior to achieve such ends especially if they feel their position is threatened. This political behavior (Cavanaugh, Moberg and Velasques 1981: 368) can be used for ethical or unethical purposes and should be avoided if it does not respect the ri ghts of all affected parties, does not respect canons of justice and does not lead to efficient optimization of satisfaction of interests inside and outside organization. Although it may be unethical, Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 388) argue that trying to eliminate political behavior will seldom, if ever, work. Instead, this may increase the behavior due to resulting uncertainty and ambiguity. They argue that politics may provide possible

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Essay Example Yet it also finds that few hospitals to date have any such written policies and standards. The paper thus recommends that a more inclusive information system be instilled in the healthcare system such that family members of such threatened patients be presented with the option to witness these procedures. It also recommends that healthcare providers of such procedures, if they feel constrained in any manner by such witnessing, may be assisted to change their viewpoints or overcome their constraints in such a manner that their comfort at work is not compromised by such witnessing. This paper contrives to seek out, from the nursing point of view, whether family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and invasive procedures is really necessary and helpful without being an impedance to the relevant nursing staff. In a life-threatening situation (meriting Code Blue status) where patient breathing stops under unnatural or suspicious circumstances cardiopulmonary resuscitation is applied by the present nursing staff with immediate notification to a physician and the nursing supervisor. The same applies for invasive procedures to a large extent. ... ften find themselves in the midst of an ethical dilemma where, on the one side, there are the family members of patient liable to CPR or invasive procedure and, on the other, those physicians and healthcare professionals applying the resuscitation measures (Nibert, 2005) or invasive procedure measures. There are reports of nurses subjected to such dilemmas conceding that they have received no instructional advice in their training programs to allow them to resolve and mitigate such ethical problems (Nibert, 2005). Thus, this paper's intention to investigate various positions on this issue is deemed important and crucial to dispensation of care to critically-ill patients. Background As early as 1987, Doyle et al, in a pioneering study, decided to allow family presence during CPR at their institution (McClenathan et al, 2002). Since then more studies have proceeded and the research findings, instead of conclusively providing evidence to one side, have added to the present state of controversy where there is no general consensus on whether such family presence during this crucial life-supporting and invasive procedure is either beneficial or essential. In the August 22, 2000, issue of 'Circulation' the American Heart Association published its guidelines for family-witnessed resuscitation procedures (McClenathan et al, 2002). It is also noted that the 'Emergency Nurses Association' has since endorsed family-witnessed CPR and recommend that hospitals develop concomitant policies accordingly (Critchell and Marik, 2007). Other healthcare professional bodies similar to these have followed suit but, to date, there are very few hospitals that have actually and actively e xerted themselves in this direction and set

Write 1000 word professional speech on (Saddam Hussain last minute Essay

Write 1000 word professional speech on (Saddam Hussain last minute speech to his people before executed, regretting what bad he did to them ,Kuwait, Iran and - Essay Example These assumptions seem more real. The language is kept simple. It is assumed that he speaks in Arabic, as he speaks to his countrymen. For our understanding, we may assume that it has been translated into English subsequently. The scenario is imaginary, and Saddam is shown as repenting for many of the atrocities that he has committed. An attempt is made to keep things realistic. So although he asks forgiveness from his countrymen, he is critical of the US and Western leaders, though not of Western people. Faced by death, even hardened people are known to relent. So Hussein's volte face under the circumstances need not be considered unusual. Although the speech itself is 'imaginary', and highly unlikely, it retains an aura of probability by referring to actual events in his life. I speak to you here, in the final hours of my life. I have been allowed to leave behind this message for you, which I believe that my brothers, Faisal and Hassan here, will safely deliver to you. I am not afraid. I am glad be able to leave now, as I know I leave because it is the will of Allah. I forgive all those who have harmed me; I know I have harmed many too. I hope you will forgive me for that. I have made several mistakes in my life, and if I had a chance to live it over again, I would not do the same. I now understand that violence does not lead anywhere. ... united against the American initial insidious attempts, and later on, more blatant ones to exploit us, to siphon away our wealth in the form of oil, we would not be where we are today. I regret that the Ba'athist Party murdered King Feisal in the way it did. Or that I helped out the CIA in the plot to murder Abdul Karim, the Prime Minister. We could have settled our internal struggles in a cordial manner. This was like inviting a tiger to enter our home to settle disputes between brother and brother. I was too involved in public activities, and did not give enough attention to my family. I accept full responsibility for the way my sons, Uday and Qusay ran wild, and terrorized all of you. I am also sorry that my sons-in-law, Hussain and Saddam Kamel met their death at my hands. I destroyed them, and my daughters' lives. I should have settled differences with the Ayatollah in Iran firmly but tactfully. Our countries have spent years in warfare, wasting our resources, and killing our young men, and even civilians. I have wronged my fellow men by using chemical weapons against them. I beg of Allah to forgive me-these deeds of mine. Allah is merciful! So many of my Kurd brethren have been killed; so many of my Kurd sisters are widowed because of me; so many have been orphaned at my behest. Please forgive me for this. The long war with Kuwait could have been avoided. Yes, they did not help us when we asked for help. But our need for help itself arose only because Ayatollah Khomeini and I had spent fruitless years in warfare, destroying our countries economically. I believe today that people of different faiths can and must live peacefully together. For this, we need unity among Muslim brethren. To start this, first let us have peace between the Shias and us. You are

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 100

Assignment Example In the Andean groups extended their kingdom by creating an overarching political state and integrating its empire into a single order to secure its subjects and increase area for natural resources. The Anasazi, Mesoamerica, developed an economy on beans, squash, and maize. Their success in adapting these crops allowed the formation of large villages and resulted into vast cultural life in underground buildings known as kivas. Inca constructed roads that facilitated military troop movements, trade, and administration. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization; it was the located in the Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia was located at convergence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers that produced fertile soils; hence, irrigation was practiced. Sumerian came up with cuneiform script for communication. Egyptians started an agricultural economy with centralized society. Egyptian states had urban development and monarchies. Egyptians are recognized for surgery, barge transport, and mathematics. In addition, they are widely known as their pyramids. The Harappan civilization is credited with the introduction of decimal fractions. Small societies were nomadic in nature while vast empires settled along riverbanks on the same land hence showed the concept of ownership. Large empires increased their security since they were located at the same point from other small societies. Large empires encouraged specialization for example artisan, craftsmen, traders, and farmers who produce surpluses; small communities did not support these activities. Governments came in place to maintain specialized labor and surpluses production in agriculture, and to maintain the new culture. The government provided services like roads to the merchants, unified people in villages. These governments started taxing in form of surplus from farmers. Belief systems were created in order to bring order into the society because of political

Knowledge and Skills Core to Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Knowledge and Skills Core to Journalism - Essay Example These programs are used for many purposes such as video editing, sound editing and photo editing. The paper also discusses need for a journalist to be; Entrepreneurial and Business Savvy, Multi-skilled, an Open-minded Experimenter and a Multimedia Storyteller. The paper also analyses journalism job market demand of Programming Skills, Fundamental Journalism Skills and Subediting Skills. The objective of this paper is to identify and evaluate the crucial skills needed by a journalist seeking to enter the Journalism and Communication industry. Logic Pro This is a must-have skill by any journalist who is actively seeking for an employment opportunity in this modern age. Sound is important in passing out messages from a journalist since it gives his / her work the correct sound track for improved quality and effectiveness is expression of the mood. Logic Pro is a MIDI sequencer application and hybrid 32/64 bit digital sound workstation for the Mac operating system X platform. This applic ation was first created by Emagic, German software developer, but later became a property of Apple after Apple bought Emagic in the year 2002. Logic Pro is henceforth a segment of Apple's Logic Studio bundle which is important to works done by a journalist (Burns, 2007, p. 121). A journalist needs to understand the working of the major features of Logic Pro. With Logic Pro skills in hand, a journalist with Logic Pro skills is more marketable in 2012 since he / she is able to broadcast his / her message with high quality that enhances his message. Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X is software that is of great use to journalists as it contains several unique features that enable them perform their duties more efficiently and time consciously. It was issued in 2012 and is the most recent version of Final Cut Pro that enables one to organize, import, edit, sweeten, add effects, rate and deliver. One will observe discovery characteristics in all components of the work flow (Keeble, 2009, p . 98). Final Cut Pro X does not merely represent a different cut but is a completely new product that is characterized by a great new timeline, wonderful functioning and an active media system that basically eases the work of getting clips. The Final Cut Pro X has several fundamental features. There are three major divisions of the features which include: powerful media organization, revolutionary video editing and incredible performance. Since organizational skills are fundamental in this line of work to ensure meeting of deadlines and quality final products, knowledge in this software is fundamental to a modern day journalist. This is because it ensures orderliness and therefore making an individual with skill in it a prompt and efficient worker which is a key requirement of every employer in the field of journalism. Given that journalism is a time-oriented profession, knowledge in Final Cut Pro X is a must have for an individual seeking employment in this modern times. This is be cause of the high speeds that are directly proportional to quality associated with the software. Individuals proficient in the operations of this software are therefore at an added advantage when it comes to employment opportunities (Chapman & Marie, 2009, p. 81). Employers have been known to give top priority to those who are equipped on matters concerning

Behaviour Policy in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Behaviour Policy in Schools - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the dynamics of educational policy-making keep changing due to changes in the environment. Contrary to previous years where the national government made policies regarding education, nowadays there is more input from other actors both in government and private sphere. The state and local governments are involved as well as the entrepreneurs, consultants, professionals, teachers and school leaders. Furthermore, modern education has been marketized to suit economic interests thus bringing into the context other actors. According to Hulme, R., and Hulme, M., the spaces in which policy is thought and done have also changed. The use of technology has changed the context in that now education can not only be offered at schools but also at home and across national boundaries through e-learning. Policymakers, therefore, have to take into consideration such dynamics. Ainley also observes that education system has evolved from â€Å"national system locally administ ered to a local system nationally administered.† In the United States, there has been a push for more standardized reforms to enhance cohesiveness, fairness, and equity. It is a requirement for schools by the Education and Inspections Act of 2006 to have a behavior policy which includes school rules. This policy is part of the wider national education policies. The aim of this paper is thus to discuss the policy process in schools in relation to behavior policies. To accomplish this, the paper will discuss the standards, institutional contexts and the key actors in policy making.

Pick one by yourself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pick one by yourself - Essay Example Nevertheless, in order to fully appreciate a work of art one should be able to combine one’s perception with factual information about the artist and the context of work. This paper will provide a background of Pablo Picasso’s work titled Man with a Guitar, personal reflection from the author and a comprehensive analysis of the piece of art. To begin with, it may be particularly important to dwell on some aspects of biography of the artist and the historical events of the time. Pablo Picasso as a person who was extremely active in the first part of the twentieth century: the threshold of the new era. The world in general was look for new point of view on reality and so did talented people. The work of art in question may be referred to as a representative of Cubism which stands for a particular period on artistic development of Picasso, which was preceded by experiments often termed Blue, Rose and African influenced periods (Walther 15). Thus, the new art movement presented the audience with a novel view on reality that is deconstructed up to the fundamental geometric shapes and recreated on canvas with the creative power of an artist (Rathus 289). Having considered the historical background, it may be useful to pay attention to the emotion that the painting in question provoked. Thus, when I first looked at the painting I tried to guess what the artist depicted. I saw many shapes which I recognized as triangles and thought that the title of the work of art will be somehow connected to them. I could not see any other color by brown and black; so, I supposed that the painting was not about nature. I was extremely surprised when I learned that it is called Man with a Guitar. I looked carefully to find any trace of a human figure or a musical instrument. I observed the painting over and over and after several minutes I saw some clues. I could see the stings, the sound hole and even one machine head; however,

Protecting and Preserving Our Environment Essay Example for Free

Protecting and Preserving Our Environment Essay At WD, we recognize the need to preserve and protect the earth’s vital natural resources. We believe that part of being a good corporate citizen and a good neighbor is maintaining or improving the cleanliness of the air, water and land of the locations in which we operate. As a result, our facilities throughout the world comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations, and each has developed and implemented a comprehensive set of practices designed to ensure continued compliance. In addition, we continually review our operations and processes to identify opportunities which allow us to reduce or recycle byproducts generated by our activities. We are also concerned about protecting the natural resources of the communities in which our products are sold and used. We review the content of the products we manufacture and have established programs to eliminate or phase out the use of certain materials restricted by international legislation. We have also begun offering for sale a line of products specifically designed to reduce the environmental impact resulting from their use. All of our manufacturing facilities in Asia have environmental management systems in place which are ISO 14001 certified. Each facility has a comprehensive policy and set of supporting procedures addressing environmental permits, pollution prevention, hazardous substances, wastewater and solid wastes, airborne emissions and product content. Our policies express a commitment to continued improvement, and to this end, we review the status of our environmental management systems at least annually. All of our manufacturing facilities have environmental specialists onsite, and we provide training programs on environmental practices for employees whose job duties impact our environmental management systems. In addition, all of our facilities provide clear written direction to all employees and workers in languages appropriate to each site regarding requirements and responsibilities for environmental practices in accordance with company policy. Compliance with RoHS and WEEE Directives WD products manufactured and sold worldwide after August 1, 2005, meet or exceed Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) compliance requirements as mandated by the European Union for electrical and electronic products. The RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament, which was effective in the EU beginning July 1, 2006, aims to protect human health and the environment by restricting the use of certain hazardous substances in new equipment, and consists of restrictions on lead, mercury, cadmium, and other substances. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive was developed to minimize the disposal of electrical and electronic equipment into landfills. WD hard drive products and packaging include the WEEE symbol in support of this directive. Supplier Compliance WD has conducted and continues to conduct very extensive tests regarding use of environmental compliant material on all our components. WD requires all component suppliers meet WD’s environmental Specification, titled â€Å"WD’s Environmental Guidelines for Materials, Components and Products.† This 20-page Specification sets forth the maximum threshold limits for restricted, prohibited and managed substances and requires suppliers to adhere to all applicable laws. In addition, the Specification states that all WD suppliers and sub-suppliers will be expected to complete environmental declaration forms for all new materials and components based on a combination of knowledge of their incoming raw materials, process review and their own analytical testing and certification data. Suppliers are required to maintain documented records, made available to Western Digital, indicating which measures are used to ensure compliance to the Specification. We review all suppliers ’ Declarations of compliance with WDs environmental Specification during the launch of every new hard drive program and also track this together with a 3rd party Analytical lab data by component in our Environmental Compliance database. In addition, we maintain strict requirements with respect to Supplier Process/Material Change requests. Suppliers are also required to keep records of their in process tests to ensure compliance to the approved Process Management Plan and approved materials. These are regularly audited by WD. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Global climate change, caused by increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, is one of the most significant concerns facing our world today. As a corporate citizen, WD is particularly sensitive to the effects of global climate change. The need to understand the science of climate change and to formulate appropriate policy to address scientific findings is intensifying with each passing day. To view WD’s Greenhouse Gas report, click here. QA for Environmental and Hazardous Materials Environmental QDoes Western Digital have management representatives responsible for assuring compliance with respect to environmental laws, regulations and codes? AYes. Western Digital has management representatives at all critical sites whose core responsibility is monitoring, communicating and training employees in all aspects of environmental compliance as related to the specific facility. QDo Western Digital’s facilities receive periodic audits of environmental practices in order to assess conformance with regulatory and other requirements? AYes. Western Digital conducts both internal and external audits to evaluate its compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. QWhat types of policies, rules or procedures does Western Digital maintain relative to environmental programs? AWestern Digital maintains environmental polices, rules and/or procedures which address environmental permits, pollution prevention, hazardous substances, liquid waste, solid waste, air emission controls and product content. The substance of these programs is delivered to our employee population utilizing various formats including in-person training, web-based training, face-to-face communications, postings and bulletins. All programs are communicated in various languages appropriate to the employee population of each of our facilities to insure that all employees have a clear understanding of the programs. QDoes Western Digital place contractual requirements on its suppliers to be in compliance with environmental laws, regulations and codes of conduct? AYes. Whenever possible, Western Digital executes contracts with its suppliers which require, among other things, that the suppliers comply with all relevant and applicable environmental laws and regulations. QIs Western Digital required to maintain certain environmental permits in the operations of its facilities? AYes. Western Digital is required to maintain certain environmental permits as related to the operations of its facilities. Based on the geography and the operations, permits may be required for chemical handling and storage, waste treatment, wastewater discharge, air emissions and storage tanks. QDoes Western Digital make available Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) to workers that handle chemicals? AYes. Western Digital makes MSDS sheets available to employees onsite at all of its facilities. In addition, Western Digital contracts for OnCall MSDS information domestically. Hazardous Materials QDoes Western Digital use hazardous materials in its manufacturing process? AYes. Western Digital utilizes a variety of hazardous materials in its manufacturing operations. Classifications of hazardous materials include flammables, combustibles, corrosives and toxic gases. QHow does Western Digital store chemicals at its facilities? AWestern Digital stores all hazardous materials in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Storage areas are secured and covered containing various types of containers including bottles, cylinders, drums and other approved vessels with the appropriate type of labeling and containment as required or recommended by codes, regulations and other authorities. QDoes Western Digital generate wastes that are classified as hazardous wastes? AYes. Western Digital generates various types and quantities of hazardous wastes. All wastes are disposed of in compliance with applicable law, and we regularly audit our hazardous waste haulers and their facilities. QDoes Western Digital have a program or procedures for management of hazardous waste? AYes. Western Digital has a variety of programs and procedures for the management of its hazardous waste. These include monitoring, characterization, treatment, conversion and disposition. All wastes are disposed of in compliance with applicable law, and we regularly audit our hazardous waste haulers and their facilities. QDoes Western Digital have a site specific management system registered to ISO 14001, OSHAS 18001, or other recognized health and safety or environmental management standards? AYes. Western Digital factories in Malaysia and Thailand maintain management systems which have earned the ISO 14001 and OSHAS 18001 designation. QDoes Western Digital have programs or procedures to reduce or eliminate pollution and waste in its operations? AWestern Digital is always looking for ways to eliminate or reduce pollution or waste generated by our operations. Among the programs we consider are solvent re-use or elimination, process waste and emission minimization, packaging reduction, recycling or elimination as well as reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. QDoes Western Digital have programs or procedures to reduce the use of energy, water and other natural resources in its operations? AWestern Digital is always looking for ways to reduce energy and other natural resource consumption in our operations. Among the programs we consider are evaluating product or process design modifications, improvement in energy efficiency of process, and the evaluation of construction, maintenance and land use programs.

Helicobacter Pylori Treatment and Rosacea

Helicobacter Pylori Treatment and Rosacea Running title: Helicobacter Pylori Treatment and Rosacea Parviz Saleh1, Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad2, Hamdieh Herizchi3, Fatemeh Mokhtari3, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari2 , Reza Piri4* 1- Chronic Kidney Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 3-Department of dermatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 4- Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Effects of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Rosacea: a Single Arm Clinical Trial Study Abstract: Rosacea is a chronic dermatologic disease. Helicobacter pylori has been discussed as one of its causative factors. In this clinical trial study, it was tried to evaluate the effect of H. pylori standard eradication protocol on the rosacea clinical course. In this single-arm clinical trial, patients with approved H. pylori infection based on serological studies were assessed to examine rosacea existence. Then, the patients with concurrent rosacea and H. pylori infection were included in the study and underwent a standard Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Rosacea was evaluated using Duluth rosacea grading score at beginning, 2 months later, and at the end of the trial (day 180). Of 872 patients with positive H. pylori, 167 patients (19.15%) manifested the clinical features of rosacea. The patients with concurrent rosacea were younger (p Keywords: Rosacea, Helicobacter pylori, Prevalence, Eradication, Treatment Effects of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Rosacea Introduction: Rosacea is a chronic dermatological disorder mostly affects facial convexities, which is characterized by telangiectasia, flushing and papulopustular changes (1, 2). These findings tend to be in cluster patterns, which allow identification of different subgroups of patients. In other words, rosacea includes a wide spectrum of dermatological manifestations with different severities (3-5). Pathogenesis of rosacea is thought be related to vascular changes, but the main process of pathogenesis for rosacea is still unknown. A combination of dermal connective tissue damage and vascular dysfunction consisting endothelial damage, impaired reactivity, and autonomic dysfunction has been proposed (5-9). So researchers have always tried to reveal the pathophysiology process by proposing possible pathogenic factors such as solar irradiation, sensitivity to noxious stimuli, change in redox status, and the presence of parasitic mites (Demodex folliculorum) (10-14). The role of Helicobacter pylori related gastritis in the pathogenesis of rosacea has been also a subject of controversy. Diverse prevalence of H. pylori infection has been reported among rosacea patients (15-21), ranging from zero to 100%. Some studies have suggested that rosacea could be considered as an extra-gastric symptom of H. pylori infection or reported improved rosacea clinical course post H. pylori eradication (22) (23), while others concluded no significant relationship between H. pylori infection and rosacea (24, 25). Based on our literature review, no confident and precise conclusion has been made about any change in the clinical course of rosacea after H. pylori eradication yet today. So the present clinical trial aimed to evaluate changes in the clinical course of rosacea after H. pylori eradication by standard treatment protocol. Subjects and Methods Study design In this single-arm clinical trial which was conducted in clinical-educational centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Tabriz, Iran) from May 2013 to November 2015, patients with proved H. pylori infection based on serological study were screened for evaluation of concurrent rosacea disease. Then, the patients with concurrent rosacea clinical presentation and H. pylori infection were enrolled into the study. Considering sample number limitation, sampling was performed during a year to calculate sample size, then study power was calculated 0.85 according to that number of samples. Rosacea severity was graded using Duluth rosacea grading score (26) before and after H. pylori eradication protocol. Finally, the patients were examined 2 and 6 months after medication, to compare dermatological findings of rosacea with primary findings. All participants were provided an informed written consent, and the study protocol was in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. In all stages of study patients information were anonymous and based on codes and patients could refuse to take part in the study at any stage. This study is registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT2015051418946N3). Study population All patients who were 20-65 years old, with confirmed H. pylori infection and active rosacea, attending clinical-educational centers of TUMS were included in the study. Prior H. pylori eradication treatment, the existence of any other dermatologic problem, allergy to clarithromycin or omeprazole, antibiotic therapy within past 2 months, topical treatment of rosacea in past 3 weeks, history of hospitalization in past 6 months, pregnancy and breastfeeding, patients were considered as exclusion criteria of the study. H. pylori infection evaluation H. pylori stool antigen test was implicated to confirm H. pylori infection before enrolling the patients into this study (day 0) and to confirm H. pylori eradication (day 60). Stool samples were collected in a standard container. In the laboratory, using an applicator stick 4-5 mm of stool was transferred in a diluent vial, then it was vortexed for 20 seconds. Then, 4 drops of vial were dispensed in ImmunoCard STAT HpSA kit (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc., OH, USA); positive predictive value of this test was 89.3% based on literature (27). The positive and negative results were concluded based on the manufacturers recommendation. Rosacea evaluation Rosacea severity was evaluated using Duluth rosacea grading score (26) at beginning (day 0), 2 months later (day 60), and at end of the trial (day 180). Dermatology team examined rosacea based on detecting primary and secondary signs and symptoms of rosacea and graded them as absent, mild, moderate, or severe (0-3), based on the Duluth scoring system. Primary features of rosacea included: flushing (transient erythema), non-transient erythema, papules and pustules, telangiectasia. Secondary features included: burning or stinging, plaques, dry appearance, edema, ocular manifestations, peripheral location (present or absent), phymatous changes. Finally, rosacea condition was compared in day 0, day 60, and day 180 by the same team. H. pylori treatment Standard two-week triple therapy was administered to eradicate H. pylori, including metronidazole 500 mg orally twice per day, clarithromycin 500 mg orally twice per day, and pantoprazole 40 mg orally per day. Primary and secondary outcomes The primary outcome was the severity of rosacea before and after H. Pylori eradication. Secondary outcomes were H. Pylori eradication rate and prevalence of rosacea among patients with H. Pylori and demographic differences between H. Pylori positive patients with rosacea and without rosacea. Demographic and outcome measurement All demographic information was collected at patients enrollment time. Patients rosacea stage was evaluated on day 0, 60, and 180, then they were compared. Same dermatology team reevaluated clinical course of rosacea to decrease inter-observer error. Statistical methods Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software package, version 16.0, for windows (SPSS Inc.). Quantitative data are presented as mean  ± standard deviation (SD), while qualitative data are demonstrated as frequency and percent (%). Paired sample t-test, chi-square, and Friedman test were used for analysis of data. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare between groups and Wilcoxon ranked sum test was used to compare within groups. Probable confounding factors were considered as inclusion and exclusion criteria. However, some factors which could have been confounding factors were analyzed using multivariate analysis but they were not presented in results the section. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Normal distribution of data was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results In the present study 872 patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen were assessed by dermatologists team. Of 872 patients, 167 patients had clinical features of rosacea. Some demographic information about patients is shown in Table 1; of all patients with a positive test for H. pylori, patients diagnosed with rosacea had lower ages (p>0.001) and the difference in gender composition was also statistically significant (p=0.034); in this conclusion, multivariate analysis was used. Based on the results, rosacea prevalence among patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen was 19.15% (167/875). Of 167 patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen and rosacea, 17 patients rejected to take part in the study while 150 patients agreed. Of 150 patients who underwent H.pylori eradication therapy, 138 (92%) had negative H. pylori stool antigen (successful treatment) at the end of the trial. Rosacea Duluth score at day 0, 60 and 180 was 15.55 ±4.34, 14.11 ±3.96 and 12.57 ±3.62, respectively; the differences between all stages were statistically significant (p Based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test, comparison of primary and secondary features of rosacea between stages of study is shown in table 3; Of secondary rosacea features, burning or stinging, plaques, dry appearance edema and ocular manifestations the difference between two stages of study were mostly significant; but the differences for peripheral involvement and phymatous change were mostly not statistically significant. Discussion Rosacea as a chronic dermatological disease, with an almost unknown pathogenesis process so far, has been the subject of many studies. One of the proposed pathogenic processes attributed to rosacea is gastric infection with H. pylori, so many researchers have tried to examine this association by trying to investigate the correlation between H. pylori infection and rosacea or by observing changes of rosacea after H. pylori eradication. Based in the present study, Prevalence of rosacea among H. Pylori positive patients was 19.15% in this study, which seems as twice as the highest reported rate in other populations, ranging from 1-10% (2, 28-31). This different has been correlated to various variables including race, culture and diet of these. In a study by Argenziano et al. potential association between rosacea and serological evidence of H. pylori infection was investigated and they concluded that there is a significant association between rosacea and H. pylori infection (32), while A bram et al. evaluated several suspected risk factors for rosacea and concluded that there was no statistically significant differences between rosacea patients and those of control group (33). Patients with rosacea and H. pylori infection had female gender predominance and lower age in comparison to those suffering only H. pylori infection. H. pylori cure rate after routine triple therapy was 92%. During 6 months of follow-up, H. pylori eradication among those who had rosacea and H. pylori infection led to a significant improvement in rosacea condition based on Duluth score grading. There was a significant decrease in intensity of almost all primary and secondary criteria except phymatous changes, telangiectasia, and peripheral involvement; this difference in phymatous changes, telangiectasia, and peripheral involvement might be due to the more time taking nature of these criteria to be resolved. Based on the literature, diverse conclusions have been made regarding rosacea resolution after H. pylori eradication. In a study by Szlachcic et al. investigating the link between Helicobacter pylori infection and rosacea, it was concluded that after H. pylori eradication therapy among patients with rosacea and H. pylori infection, H. pylori cure rate was 97%, and in 85% of patients the symptoms of rosacea decreased markedly or disappeared within 2-4 weeks (22); although H. pylori cure rate in the present study is less than that reported in this study, the effect of H. pylori eradication on rosacea is similar in both of the studies. In another study conducted by Rojo et al. on the role of H. pylori in rosacea and chronic urticarial, it was concluded that H. pylori eradication led to a significant improvement both in rosacea (75.6%) and urticarial (85.7%) when compared with control group (22%) in 4 weeks (34); results of that study is similar to what was concluded in the present study, although no precise description of clinical features of rosacea was presented after treatment. On the hand, Bamford et al. in a study investigating effect of treatment of H. pylori infection on rosacea concluded that rosacea was significantly improved after H. pylori eradication, although this improvement was also significant in control group, the difference between the improvement of rosacea was not statistically significant between intervention and control group (35); this fact that both groups had significant improvement in rosacea totally undermined the association of H. pylori infection and rosacea which was concluded in the present study, also in this article the improvement was attributed to probable placebo effect. In another study by Herr et al. relationship between H. pylori and rosacea was examined by evaluating the response of patients with rosacea to H. pylori eradication, and they concluded that there was no statistically significant change in rosacea condition both in intervention and control group, although papulopustules had significantly decreased in interven tion group comparing baseline and follow-up (36), which is the only improvement detected after H. pylori eradication in this study, but in the present study besides improvement of papulopustules, almost all the other clinical manifestations of rosacea had improved. In a study by El-khalawany evaluating the effect of H. pylori eradication in rosacea subtypes it was concluded that H. pylori eradication led to a significant improvement in rosacea, where papulopustular subtype improved significantly more than erythematotelangiectatic subtype (37); these results are similar to the results of present study, since in the present study almost all clinical manifestations of rosacea had decreased while no statistically significant change was shown about telangiectasia. According to the mentioned literature, different conclusions have been derived from studies about the efficacy of H. pylori eradication in rosacea treatment; ranging from significant improvement in rosacea (22) or significant improvement between baseline and follow-up but not when compared to control group (35) to no significant improvement in rosacea. One of the reasons which might be responsible for these diverse conclusions is multifactorial nature of rosacea where ethnic group, bacterial subtypes or genetics might be other confounding factors. One of the main limitations of this study was lack of control group, so it might have affected this study to prevent coming to a precise and confident conclusion, also this might have led to undermining probable placebo effect of administered treatment. The main thought behind not including a control group was not willing to deprive patients of H. pylori treatment where their H. pylori infection had already been proved. Another factor which could have resulted in a more precise and reliable conclusion was including possible confounding factors such as gender, ethnic groups, and occupational environment status and analyzing rosacea improvement while taking confounding factors into account. In conclusion, the present study indicated that prevalence of rosacea among patients with H. pylori infections is slightly more than what literature attribute to different populations, it also showed a statistically significant improvement in rosacea when Duluth scores were compared between baseline and follow-up. Considering the present controversy about the association of H. pylori infection and rosacea, it is suggested that further clinical trials considering multifactorial nature of rosacea take all possible confounding factors into account, also as far as rosacea is a dermatological condition with different manifestations, recognition of alterations in the dermatological pattern of rosacea might lead to a more confident conclusion. Acknowledgments: This Study was supported by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of Interests: No conflict of interests are declared References: 1.Plewig G, Kligman A M. Acne and rosacea: Springer Science Business Media: 2012. 2.Powell F C. Rosacea. New England Journal of Medicine 2005: 352: 793-803. 3.Tan J, Blumeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Peytavi U, Ortonne J, et al. An observational crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sectional survey of rosacea: clinical associations and progression between subtypes. British Journal of Dermatology 2013: 169: 555-562. 4.Tan J, Berg M. Rosacea: current state of epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2013: 69: S27-S35. 5.Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Aubert J, et al. Clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings: Nature Publishing Group, 2011: 2-11. 6.Del Rosso J Q. Advances in Understanding and Managing Rosacea: Part 1 Connecting the Dots Between Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Common Clinical Features of Rosacea with Emphasis on Vascular Changes and Facial Erythema. Journal of Clinical Aesthetic Dermatology 2012: 5. 7.Fimmel S, Abdel-Naser M B, Kutzner H, et al. New aspects of the pathogenesis of rosacea. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 2008: 5: e103-e111. 8.Pouralibaba F, Babaloo Z, Pakdel F, et al. Serum level of interleukin 17 in patients with erosive and non erosive oral lichen planus. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013: 7: 91. 9.Naderi N J, Tirgari F, Esmaili F, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and Ki-67 antigen expression in relation to age and gender in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2012: 6: 103. 10.Tisma V S, Basta-Juzbasic A, Jaganjac M, et al. Oxidative stress and ferritin expression in the skin of patients with rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009: 60: 270-276. 11.Guzman-Sanchez D A, Ishiuji Y, Patel T, et al. Enhanced skin blood flow and sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli in papulopustular rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007: 57: 800-805. 12.Marks R. The enigma of rosacea. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2007: 18: 326-328. 13.Lacey N, Delaney S, Kavanagh K, et al. Miteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related bacterial antigens stimulate inflammatory cells in rosacea. British Journal of Dermatology 2007: 157: 474-481. 14.Golfroushan F, Azimi H, Ali E T H. Comparison of Efficacy of Topical Combination Solution of Salicylic Acid% 2 and Erythromycin% 4 with Topical Solution of Erythromycin 4% Alone in Mild to Moderate Acne Vulgaris Treatment: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Health Services 2013: 34. 15.Zandi S, Shamsadini S, Zahedi M, et al. Helicobacter pylori and rosacea. Eastern Mediterranean health journal= La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale= al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 2002: 9: 167-171. 16.Hernando-Harder A C, Booken N, Goerdt S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and dermatologic diseases. European Journal of Dermatology 2009: 19: 431-444. 17.Elà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ khalawany M, Mahmoud A, Mosbeh A S, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in common rosacea subtypes: a genotypic comparative study of Egyptian patients. The Journal of dermatology 2012: 39: 989-995. 18.Bhattarai S, Agrawal S, Rijal A, et al. The study of prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with acne rosacea. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 2014: 10: 49-52. 19.Prelipcean C C, Mihai C, Gogălniceanu P, et al. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 2006: 111: 575-583. 20.Yousefi L, Ghotaslou R, Akhi M T, et al. Frequency of Helicobacter pylori blood-group antigen-binding adhesion 2 and sialic acid binding adhesion genes among dyspeptic patients in Tabriz, Iran: H. pylori babA2 and sabA genes. Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine 2015: 3. 21.Salehi M R, Aboei M S, Naghsh N, et al. A comparison in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the gingival crevicular fluid from subjects with periodontitis and healthy individuals using polymerase chain reaction. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013: 7: 238. 22.Szlachcic A. The link between Helicobacter pylori infection and rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2002: 16: 328-333. 23.Tà ¼zà ¼n Y, Keskin S, Kote E. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in skin diseases: facts and controversies. Clinics in dermatology 2010: 28: 478-482. 24.DakoviĆ¡ Z, VesiĆ¡ S, VukoviĆ¡ J, et al. Ocular rosacea and treatment of symptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection: a case series. Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica 2007: 16: 83-86. 25.Mayr-Kanhà ¤user S, Krà ¤nke B, Kaddu S, et al. Resolution of granulomatous rosacea after eradication of Helicobacter pylori with clarithromycin, metronidazole and pantoprazole. European journal of gastroenterology hepatology 2001: 13: 1379-1383. 26.Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M, et al. Standard grading system for rosacea: report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the classification and staging of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2004: 50: 907-912. 27.Chisholm S A, Watson C L, Teare E L, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in adult dyspeptic patients by stool antigen detection: does the rapid immunochromatography test provide a reliable alternative to conventional ELISA kits? Journal of medical microbiology 2004: 53: 623-627. 28.Kyriakis K P, Palamaras I, Terzoudi S, et al. Epidemiologic aspects of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: 53: 918-919. 29.Tan J, Berg M. Rosacea: Current state of epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: 69: S27-S35. 30.McAleer M A, Fitzpatrick P, Powell F C. Papulopustular rosacea: Prevalence and relationship to photodamage. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010: 63: 33-39. 31.Abram K, Silm H, Oona M. Prevalence of Rosacea in an Estonian Working Population Using a Standard Classification. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 2010: 90: 269-273. 32.Argenziano G, Donnarumma G, Arnese P, et al. Incidence of antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Helicobacter pylori and antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ CagA antibodies in rosacea patients. International journal of dermatology 2003: 42: 601-604. 33.Abram K, Silm H, Maaroos H I, et al. Risk factors associated with rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2010: 24: 565-571. 34.Rojo-Garcia J M, Munoz-Perez M A, Escudero J, et al. Helicobacter pylori in rosacea and chronic urticaria. Acta dermato-venereologica 2000: 80: 156-157. 35.Bamford J T, Tilden R L, Blankush J L, et al. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on rosacea. Archives of dermatology 1999: 135: 659-663. 36.Herr C, Hee You C. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Rosacea. J Korean Med Sci 2000: 15: 551-554. 37.El-khalawany M, Mahmoud A, Mosbeh A-S, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in common rosacea subtypes: A genotypic comparative study of Egyptian patients. The Journal of Dermatology 2012: 39: 989-995. Tables: Table 1. Demographic information about patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen (%) Variables Patients with* P value + HPA without rosacea (N=705) +HPA with rosacea (N=167) Age (years old) 54.38 ±10.71 43.21 ±9.84 Gender 337 (47.81%) female, 368 (52.19%) male 95 (56.89%) female, 72 (43.11%) male 0.03 Marital status Single, Divorced or widowed (643(91.2%)), Married (62(8.8%)) Single, Divorced or widowed (145 (86.82%)), Married (22 (13.18%)) 0.1 +HPA: Positive H. pylori antigen * U Mann-Whitney test was used. **Data are shown as Mean  ± Standard Deviation and number (%) Table 2. Rosacea Duluth grading of patients at day 0, 60 and 180 of trial (N=138)*. Variables Day 0 ** Day 60** Day 180** P value Primary Features Flushing 2.28  ± 0.71 2.02  ± 0.51 1.82  ± 0.52 Non-transient erythema 2.34  ± 0.54 1.9  ± 0.64 1.42  ± 0.72 Papules and pustules 1.8  ± 0.59 1.71  ±0.51 1.58  ± 0.52 Telangiectasia 1.78  ± 0.93 1.72  ±0.67 1.74  ± 0.84 <

Free Will in Shooting an Elephant and Antigone :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Free Will in Shooting an Elephant and Antigone Free will can be defined as: â€Å"The right, given to humans by God, to make their own decisions.† A mans free will cannot be destroyed by any power other than God. Humans can always exercise their free will when making decisions. However, when their decisions come in conflict with the laws set by a higher power, they might face consequences based on how they choose to use their free will. The more restrictions imposed upon someone’s free will the more restricted their ability to make decisions become. The extent to which someone may exercise their free will can be defined as their â€Å"freedom.† Therefore, the more laws imposed upon someone’s free will the more restricted their freedom. Although no power, save God, can destroy free will, they can limit and even destroy someones freedom. In the essay Shooting an Elephant George Orwell argues that, â€Å"when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys† (Orwell, 704). Fr ee will is indestructible; an example of Orwell’s destruction of freedom but preservation of free will is given in his essay. In Antigone an example of how even though higher powers can limit your decisions they cannot stop you from exercising your free will. According to Orwell his freedom was destroyed when he took on the role of the tyrant. His job was that of a sub-divisional police officer in Lower Burma. A crisis arose in which he was faced with a hard decision to make. An elephant had gone on a rampage in the village and had destroyed countless huts and killed a man. When Orwell came upon the elephant it was clear to him that it had calmed down and that the elephant would cause no more harm to anyone. Orwell was faced with a decision: he could either shoot the beast or wait until his master came to get him. However, this decision was made much more complicated. Orwell was surrounded by two thousand Burmans who, as Orwell said, â€Å"were watching me as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a magic trick.† Although the Burmans were all underneath him and subject to him, he was very concerned about what they thought he should do. He was so concerned in fact he concluded that he had to do as they wished of him.

Essay --

Ads of these days in comparison to those in previous times have come a lengthy way from how it is used to how it is provided to the community. Promoters use many methods to reel in most of their clients into purchasing or trying an item whether it is new or an old item. One of the many kinds of propaganda they use is the simply people system which may use a popular individual as an make an effort to persuade the community that his or her opinions indicate those of the typical individual and that they are also operating for the advantage of the individuals. However, the kinds of propaganda used in the Pepsi marketing is the group and shining generalities system. The Coca-Cola ad is also provided as a Pepsi container with a rush of colors capturing out with a cheerful experience in middle of all the different colors. Promoters have many different kinds of propaganda they could use to take clients into the checkout range with their product(s) in side. With the Coca-Cola ad select to use a vibrant plan to entice the clients fun and free-spirited aspect, and a range which indicates the use of the group system. In the Coca-Cola ad the first thing clients will observe is the colors and how it is within the image. This ad uses main, additional, and a few fairly neutral colors all booming out of a coke container and in the center is a female's satisfied cheerful experience. With an image such as this provided to a individual, each factor included to the image gives a kind of satisfied sensation which the customer would want to experience. The satisfied experience results in illustrating in a individual by indicating that the lady is cheerful because the item is really excellent. The colors and the grin performs with a individuals psy... ...ors except for a bit of fairly neutral colors. These different colors provide as lovely up-lifters to customers because it would make them satisfied. The cheerful experience of the lady would usually carry a grin to their experience as they accept all the factors of the image. The range that is mentioned is both an example of a group, and shining generalities propaganda. The group technique indicates an entice the customer to buy the item considering that they would be residing the â€Å"coke aspect of life† but they do not intricate on why that is a excellent choice. By not elaborating on a purpose why the item should be bought and using terms like â€Å"live† and â€Å"life†, the technique being used is shining generalities. Therefore, by placing all these components together advertisers have a higher possibility of creating efficient product sales and getting prolonged clients.

library :: essays research papers

Library Collections Reference Collection - The collection contains on-line and print materials on all subjects, but focuses on those subjects that support the research needs of our students and faculty. Some of these sources are encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, glossaries, directories, and atlases. Public computer terminals are located on both the first and second floors. Reference Desk personnel will provide instruction on accessing these materials. Contact the 1st floor Reference Service Desk at Ext. 4410 or (773) 442-4410 for further information. Periodicals - The periodicals collection includes academic journals, magazines, indexes and newspapers across all subject areas and in multiple formats. Materials in paper or microfilm are located on the second floor of the Library. Full text electronic journals may be accessed from any computer on or off-campus (off-campus access is limited to NEIU students, faculty and staff). Contact the 2nd floor Reference Service Desk at Ext. 4572 or (773) 442-4572 for further information. Government Information - The Library is a depository for both Federal and State government publications. The print collection dates from 1963 (federal) and 1968 (state) with some retrospective holdings. In addition, computers are available for accessing information on CD-ROMs or the Internet. This includes Census data, current economic statistics, and a variety of other electronic resources. The Government Information Center is located on the 2nd floor of the Ronald Williams Library. For information call 773-442-4572 (Government Information Reference) or 773-442-4474 (Government Information Librarian). MLRC - Multimedia Learning Resource Center - The MLRC provides access to a variety of media formats to support all subject areas in the NEIU curricula. It brings together materials from the Library's audiovisual materials collection, the Curriculum Materials collection, the University Media Services collection, the Music Listening Room collection, and the Library's special collections in music. For further information or assistance call Ext. 4560 or (773) 442-4560. Curriculum Materials Collection (CMC) - The CMC includes ERIC documents on microfiche, elementary and secondary level textbooks, teacher resource materials, childrens books and magazines, and AV materials. The CMC is located on the 3rd floor of the Library. University Archives - The University Archives collection includes minutes of University meetings, policies and reports, the Internal Budget, Northeastern's student newspaper and yearbooks from 1964 to 1982. University Archives are located in the Lower Level of the Library. For further information call Ext. 4402 or (773) 442-4402. Illinois Regional Archives Depository (IRAD) - A repository of primary source documents on Chicago municipal government as well as genealogical information for Cook County.

Freedom Writers Essay Essay

What life holds for us is determined by how much we are willing to sacrifice. In the movie Freedom Writers, Ms. G is the main character. Her way of viewing life gives hope to the people surrounding her. In this essay, I am going to compare her willingness to sacrifice with the sacrifice I was once asked to make. Ms. G dedicated herself to teaching a difficult group of students. California had integrated the school system, which resulted in a culture of conflict and violence. She spent a lot of her time and gave up a lot of her family life in order to help people that she barely knew. Her desires to make a change were clear and honest. For example, she took evening and weekend jobs in order to buy books and take her students on trips. She also made herself available to help students with personal issues. She had a strong desire to help her students understand that they were worthwhile, and that whatever challenges they faced, they could make their lives better. As a result of these efforts, her students learned to trust her and became united with each other. They began to feel hope for their future. Even though Ms. G. experienced success and satisfaction in helping others, she faced opposition. Her marriage was jeopardized. Her husband could not understand why she spent so much time and energy with her students, and he often felt second in her life. He did try to cope with this lifestyle, but it was too much for him to deal with and he finally left the relationship. I also embarked on a similar adventure. In June 2002, I was called to serve as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Denver, Colorado. While on my mission, I taught the gospel to Spanish speaking people. Like Ms. G, I was dedicated to a good cause working with Hispanic people. I also immersed myself in helping those people to overcome personal and family challenges. I sacrificed two years of my life to serve people I had never met. I did it with all my heart. I knew that teaching people how to apply correct principles in their lives was the best way for them to achieve happiness. My goal was to help others to understand the true gospel of Jesus Christ. Teaching people the principles I knew to be true helped them to improve their lives and find joy as well. For example, I remember one person I taught; his name was Enrique. He was addicted to drugs and alcohol. When I found Enrique he told me that, from using drugs, he had lost his sense of taste and his body was no longer able to produce sweat. He also shared with me that his life had no purpose. He would go to work to get money to buy drugs, which created an endless cycle. I felt deep sorrow for him and wanted to do something to help him. I taught him about how to overcome his addictions to drugs and alcohol. Eventually, Enrique was able to overcome these addictions. I helped him to learn English and he began school at a University. Later, he told me how grateful he was for the new direction that his life was taking. Not only was my service similar to Ms. G’s, but my challenges were also. My family was upset about me going away for so long because while I was away, I would not be able to help them financially. They told me that if I went, I might as well forget about them. â€Å"It’s either a mission or us,† they said. I knew that I could not abandon my commitment to serve a mission. I pled with my family to understand my decision, but they reluctantly dismissed me. Once I was in the mission in Colorado, I tried to write to my family to let them know I was okay and that I was making a difference in the world by helping people to overcome many of the challenges that tear individuals and families apart. My family never answered my letters. I knew that what I was doing was right, but having my family reject me in those difficult years made me feel abandoned. Nonetheless, I was determined to continue working to help the people in Colorado. Certainly, my experience was a much shorter period of time than Ms. G’s and eventually my family embraced me again, while Ms. G’s husband never returned. Also, she taught the same group of people for four years, whereas I traveled around and met new people. Nevertheless, during the time I served my mission, I, like Ms. G, learned what it means to give everything for a good cause regardless of the adversity. As Ms. G and I both persevered in doing what we felt was right, we discovered great meaning in our lives and the work we were doing. In conclusion, our ability to fulfill our duty is not determined by our environment or surroundings. Ms. G and I have shown that if people’s hearts are in the right place, their rewards can be greater than what they lose. Our service, strength, and willingness can make a difference in the world regardless of who we are, or what we are standing for.

Compare and Contrast: Being a Single Parent Essay

Single parents often faces struggles in raising their families, it does not affect only the parent but the children also. Families become a single parent family because of a death of a spouse or a divorce. A single parent struggles on financial, emotional, and social challenges. Of the eyes of the child, seeing their parent busy all the time makes the child feel neglected. The parent and children becomes depress because of all the stress she/he faces and lack of time for each other. A single parent faces money problems even though they have child support. Divorce couples often divide the expenses but the single parent have less work opportunity because of the responsibilities she/he faces as raising children. Having a death of a spouse is more difficult because it leaves the single parent bills like car, funeral, hospital, and etc. The single parent need to work a lot to support the family but he/she leaves little time of spending time together. If the single parent does not make enough money to support his/her family then sometimes the children is taken by the child protective services. The single parent and children faces emotional problems like depression and loneliness. After a death of a spouse or a divorce, the parent feels neglected and he/she sometimes shut themselves down for a long time and neglect their children. Even though the parent is not depress because of being a single parent, he/she has lots of responsibilities which gives little time to spend with the kids. The bond of the family weakens everyday which cause depression on each family member. Seeing their children suffer makes the parent feel angry and ends up blaming themselves. With all the things a single parent need to do, he/she lack social time with their kids. Communication is an important element to make the family strong. Most single parents have more than one job or go back to school for a better paying job in order to support financial needs and so he/she leaves their kids to a sitter or relative. This gives little time to help their children with academics, emotional, and etcetera problems personally. The child end up being negative because of the lack of help and communication. It is tough being a single parent with all the challenges they faced and lack of time with families. The three main challenges( financial, emotional, and social) makes the family fall apart. But not all single parent families are unsuccessful some are successful. The single parent needs to have a positive outlook by being responsible on all the duties he/she faces, making the family number one priority, being outspoken with kids, taking care of themselves and still maintain family relationships or traditions. Each single parent out there should follow these things in order to accomplish their goal in life, wishing the best for their children’s future or outlook. http://www.ehow.com/info_8008164_causes-effects-single-parents.html http://foreverfamilies.byu.edu/Article.aspx?a=83 Work Cited Carpenter, Michael E. â€Å"What Are Some of the Challenges Single Parents Face?† EHow. Demand Media, 09 Dec. 2010. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Duncan, Stephen F. â€Å"Being a Successful Single Parent.† Forever Families. School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Gilbert, Rebecca. â€Å"The Difficulties That Single Parents Face.† EHow. Demand Media, 14 Feb. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Golden, Jaime. â€Å"Single Parents & the Effects on Their Children.† EHow. Demand Media, 08 Mar. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. McGrath, Victoria. â€Å"Causes & Effects of Single Parents.† EHow. Demand Media, 02 Mar. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.

Corporate Social Responsibility in South Africa and Ghana: a Comparison of Successes, Failures and Futures in a “Developed” and an “Undeveloped” African Country

Corporate Social Responsibility in South Africa and Ghana: a comparison of successes, failures and futures in a â€Å"developed† and an â€Å"undeveloped† African country Few industries affect the social, economic and environmental sectors to the extent that the mining industry does. As minerals development expanded, so the international awareness of its impacts grew. Mining-related legislation, both internationally and nationally, has evolved significantly in the past two decades, actively aimed at ensuring Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), where companies are held accountable for their actions. In developing countries like South Africa and Ghana that are heavily dependent on gold trade and the associated international investment, the challenge is to ensure that environmental and social impacts of mining are mitigated, that non-renewable resources are converted into national wealth and that mining-generated revenue is claimed and disbursed. In this paper the evolution of CSR in South Africa, a more developed African Nation, and Ghana, a less developed African nation, are compared. Recommendations are made as to potential avenues for CSR progression. The objectives of international mining policy reform have changed dramatically in the past few decades. During the 1970s the aim of mining policy was to increase government control. During the 1980s the aims of reform became to increase investment and to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of mining. This was attempted through the Growth Employment and Reconstruction plan in SA (Fig, 2005), and the Economic Recovery Plan in Ghana (Hilson, 2002). Both plans advocated more privatization, trade liberalization and deregulation. Although the general international trend was to redefine the role of the state, particularly in industrial areas, the adoption of this ambition by African countries has proven detrimental. Biersteker (1990) argues that the reduction of the state greatly reduced its function to govern, particularly undercutting its regulatory ability, its function as a mediator in civil disputes and its ability to regulate and collaborate with the private sector. Campbell (2005) poses that this is because the legislative and regulatory reform adopted by many developing mining-dependent African countries during the past few decades has undermined the role of the state and has proved incompatible with the challenges of the countries concerned. This has impaired the ability of these governments to exert CSR pressure on mining companies. CSR in Africa has grown parallel to these changes in the role of the state, and international mining legislation has had varying impacts on SA and Ghanaian regulations. Despite being based on a non-renewable resource, the main theme in changing international legislation is that of sustainable development, particularly in developing countries in which a large percentage of mining is done by foreign companies. It is, however, the sovereign right of a state to exploit its natural resources. This sovereignty was vehemently upheld by post-colonial developing nations that rely on mineral resources, two prominent examples of which being SA and Ghana. It has become apparent, however, that mining has far-reaching impacts that often have transboundary degrading effects, resulting in international attempts at regulation. CSR in South Africa The formal terms of CSR in SA were originally raised in 1972 and the view taken by many businesses was that they should not have to take responsibility for Apartheid, but should rather improve social standards within their respective businesses. These concepts were formalized in the Sullivan Principles, which were aimed at entrenching non-discrimination in the workplace into the core business activities, particularly in SA-based US companies (Visser, 2005). Although other CSR groups formed, like the Consultative Business Movement, the move away from philanthropy only really became evident after the first democratic elections in 1994, and when the Black Economic Empowerment Programme (BEE) was introduced. The aim of BEE is to promote equal racial ownership, education, training and local economic development. In 2002 the goal for black ownership in the mining sector was set at 26% within 10 years (Fig, 2005). BEE was particularly important in the mining sector, as in order to obtain mining rights, businesses had to meet the requirements of a BEE ‘scorecard’. A number of principles have been introduced to target human rights, a major CSR concern in SA. These include Voluntary Principles on Human Rights and Security and the OECD Risk Awareness Tool for Multinational Enterprises in Weak Governance Zones (Hamann, 2009). Another important milestone was the Kings Report, released in 2002, which outlined the CSR requirements for companies, including â€Å"recogniz[ing] that stakeholders such as the community in which the company operates, its customers, its employees and its suppliers amongst others need to be considered when developing the strategy of a company† (Visser, 2005). It also requires that businesses report annually on their social, transformation (including BEE), ethical, safety, health and environmental management policies. A positive and innovative spinoff of the King’s Report was the introduction of a Kings Index on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Companies are required to meet the criteria of the King’s Report in order to list with the JSE, providing a fiscally competitive incentive to adopt CSR principles (Dale, 2005). This progressive legislation forms the beginnings of a seemingly sound CSR framework. But the SA government struggles to maintain the pressure needed to enforce all of its requirements. As in Ghana, SA’s dependence on the mining industry makes the government loathe to confront deviant companies for fear of disinvestment and job losses. Firms often run philanthropic programmes merely as an attempt to maintain â€Å"business as usual†, satisfying the bare minimum for CSR. The lack of government capacity is most prominent in environmental requirements. Many mining companies have introduced more stringent environmental management regulations and have increased CSR spending, but Fig (2005) shows that due to lack of governmental pressure and effective sustainable reporting, many of the claims of these companies do not match their actions. In recognition of its weaknesses, however, the SA government has adopted provision for voluntary conflict resolution within its environmental legislation (Fig, 2005). As an example of a developing country embracing CSR, SA has proven itself relatively forward-thinking and successful. SA is at the forefront of CSR legislation in Africa. It is in the inability to enforce these laws that the clearest CSR similarities, and failures, with Ghana, a less developed African nation, can be seen. CSR in Ghana For the past 1000 years Ghana has enjoyed a thriving gold trade. However, due to political turmoil and changing mining and economic policy, by the beginning of the 1980s the gold-mining industry was virtually stagnant, and became the focal point in the country’s Economic Recovery Programme in 1983 (Campbell, 2005). Ghana also received assistance from the World Bank, the conditions of which resulted in the elimination of most barriers to entry for foreign investors, including reducing corporate taxes, royalty payments, foreign exchange taxes and import duties. The company retention amounts negotiated by foreign investors were far above average and signify the extentto which the Ghanaian government was prepared to go to stimulate the industry (Campbell, 2005). This also indicates the extent to which the government was and is prepared to turn a blind eye to companies’ exploitation of the country. Liberalized legislation resulted in an approximate 800-fold growth of the predominantly foreign-controlled gold mining industry in the past 20 years. But this growth has been accompanied by very little change in the quality of life of the Ghanaian people. In 2006 the International Council on Mining and Metals claimed that gold mining has not only ‘kick-started† Ghana’s economy, but that many of the large-scale mining companies are â€Å"committed to [CSR]†. In contrast, Hilson (2007) argues locals’ lives have been worsened by the increased use of land, relocations and environmental dilapidation. Because of the lax policies adopted by the government, the nation’s share of the mineral development profits has been minimal. Despite the 40% contribution of total merchandise export earnings that gold-mining in Ghana represents, the contribution to GDP is only 2-3% (Hilson, 2002). Thus the government lacks fiscal control, and as such cannot redirect funds efficiently towards development projects. The most formal adoption of international policy in Ghana was that of the Global Mining Initiative (GMI) in 1998. Ghanaian mining companies claimed that â€Å"a series of dynamic and innovative community development projects†¦ empowering rural communities and improving quality of life† were to be initiated (Garvin, 2009). But others report that the mines are encroaching on indigenous land, resulting in cultural dislocation, poverty, displacement and environmental damage. Promises of jobs and adequate compensation have been broken. This is evident in the relatively small number of Ghanaians employed by mining companies, a mere 20 000, despite the immensesize of the industry (Garvin, 2009). An interesting response to growing unemployment is the intensification of small-scale, artisanal mining, nicknamed the galamsey. The galamseyhave become an important means for support for many subsistence farmers who have been displaced, but their illegal status has led to them being labelled â€Å"hazardous and environmentally damaging† by the Chamber of Mines (Bush, 2008). There is potential for both large and small scale miners to collaborate, as they have different methods and it is uneconomical for one to do what the other does. This has been proven by Goldfields, who have leased small portions of land to groups of galamsey. Most large-scale gold ines refuse to license their unused land for work, so the galamseyare forced to mine illegally in order to eke out a living. Hilson (2007) accuses the large mining companies of supporting a massive military sweep aimed at eradicating the galamsey, which resulted in human rights violations and many forced removals. Instead of taking advantage of collaborative opportunities major mine operators in Ghana have resorted to the most common CSR endeavours amongst extractive mine companies: the building of schools, clinics and libraries. These CSR projects are still predominantly philanthropic and unsustainable. Garvin (2009) determined, through a series of surveys, that although many locals perceived an increase in social welfare, they reported a decline in security, increased crime, cyanide-poisoned water, and other environmental hazards resulting in a lack of useful agricultural land. Notwithstanding the urgings from the World Bank Industries Review, Departments for International Development, the UN, and limited pressure from the Chamber of Mines, most CSR programmes that go beyond philanthropy emphasize the expansion of existing practices such as pig-rearing, livestock and activities. These give little opportunity for advancement, provide little more than subsistence wages and definitely do not contribute to sustainable economic growth (Hilson, 2007). One of the largest problems with CSR in Ghana, and similarly in SA, is the lack of communication between government, companies and public. Mining companies enter into agreements with the national government, paying royalties of 9%, of which 3% go towards community development (Hilson, 2007). These monies pass through many layers of government and administration, and often very little reach the locals they are meant to compensate. Inhabited land is often designated for mining with little or no consent from the inhabitants. Under the Minerals and Mining Act (2006) mining companies are required to compensate displaced people for their crops and use of land, but these payments are still woefully undervalued (Hilson, 2007). Locals value their land quite differently from the value placed on it by mine employees and the lack of communication only worsens these discrepancies. The regulatory and reporting systems in Ghana are very poor, effectively making the situation for many locals worse than that seen in SA. There have been few legal efforts made to legislate mining activities, thus the improvement of CSR practices is dependent on international legislation, NGOs and pressure groups. Changing the CSR Pyramid There are certain drivers of CSR that are significantly different in developing countries than in developed countries like Europe and the US. Existing models must be adapted to fit the individual needs of developing countries. One such model is Carroll's pyramid, consisting of 4 tiers; economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Figure 1: Pyramid models for CSR drivers (adapted from Visser, 2006) Visser advocates thatto adapt Carroll's pyramid to developing countries, economic responsibilities are given the highest priority, followed by philanthropic, legal and ethical. The economic tier represents the need for businesses to not only ensure that direct foreign investment increases, alleviating poverty and unemployment, but that fu rther investment is generated, goods and services produced and stable infrastructure built. Visser argues that the emphasis on philanthropy is necessary because of the dire situation and poor quality of life in many developing countries thathave become reliant on donor assistance. Philanthropy has become ingrained in developing country CSR. The legal responsibilities are of lower priority because the pressure to adhere to legislation in developing countries is less than in developed countries. In order to elicit response, both nationally and internationally, sustainable indicators must be developed allowing more accurate reporting of CSR successes and failures. Efficient and diverse indicators allow for better sustainable reporting and transparency. These indicators serve two main functions: providing guidelines for company policy and government policy (Danegard, 2005). Increasing the number of indicators increases the scope for surveys or investigations. Data collected from these is usually validated by companies and government, and is, as yet, not mandatory. Although these inquiries may provide useful data, Danegard (2005) suggests that the use of third party verification may be necessary where governments lack the capacity for collection and evaluation. References Biersteker, T. J. , 1990. Reducing the Role of the State in the Economy: A Conceptual Exploration of IMF and World Bank Prescriptions. International Studies Quarterly, 34(4), 477-492. Bush, R. , 2009. ‘Soon there will be no-one left to take the corpses to the morgue’: Accumulation and abjection in Ghana’s mining communities. Resources Policy, 34, 57-63. Campbell, B. , 2005. The Challenges of Development, Mining Codes in Africa and Corporate Responsibility. In International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy . International Energy and Resources Law & Policy. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, pp. 801-822. Dale, M. , 2005. Comparative International and African Mineral Law as Applied in the Formation of the New South African Mineral Development Legislation. In International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy . International Energy and Resources Law & Policy. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, pp. 823-852. Dalupan, M. , 2005. Mining and Sustainable Development: Insights from International Law. In International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy . International Energy and Resources Law & Policy. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, pp. 149-168. Danegard, A. , 2005. Sustainable development indicators for the minerals industry: Who needs them? What stakes justify producing them? In International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy . The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, pp. 621-626. Fig, D. , 2005. Manufacturing amnesia: Corporate Social Responsibility in South Africa. International Affairs, 81(3), 599-617. Garvin, T. et al. , 2009. Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana. Journa of Environmental Management, 90, 571-586. Hamann, R. 2004. Corporate social responsibility, partnerships, and institutional change: The case of mining companies in South Africa. Natural Resources Forum, 28, 278-290. Hamann, R. , 2003. Mining companies’ role in sustainable development: the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of corporate social responsibility from a business perspective. Development Southern Africa, 20(2), 237-254. Hamann, R. , 2009. South Africa: The Role of History, Government, and Local Context. In Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility. Berlin: Springer, pp. 435-462. Hamann, R. & Kapelus, P. , 2004. Corporate Social Responsibility in Mining in Southern Africa: Fair accountability or just greenwash? Development, 47(3), 85-92. Hilson, G. , 2007. Championing the Rhetoric? ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ in Ghana’s Mining Sector. GMI, 53. Hilson, G. , 2002. Harvesting mineral riches: 1000 years of gold mining in Ghana. Resources Policy, 28, 13-26. Littlewood, G. , 2000. The Global Mining Initiative – Address to Mining 2000. Visser, W. , 2005. Corporate Citizenship in South Africa – A Review of Progress since Democracy. JCC, 18, 28-38. Visser, W. , 2006. Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries. pp. 473-499.

Financial Statements Paper Essay

The statement usually includes beginning balance, net income for the current cycle, dividends disclosed in the current period and ending balance. Balance sheets detail assets and claims to assets at a distinct point in time. Claims of creditors and claims of owners are examples of claims to assets. This particular statement provides a clear outline of the financial standing of the company as a whole. The direct function of a statement of cash flow is to present financial information such as cash receipts and payments during a set point in time. This assists investors and creditors to analyze a company’s financial position.. These statements address a company’s financing, investment and operational activities. Financial statements are useful to managers as these statements are utilized to measure the performance of the organization. Sales and expenses are compared to the income statements from previous periods by management to pinpoint possible problematic areas. Major variations adjure management to thoroughly understand what the causes of those changes are. Variations in liabilities and assets are examined on the balance sheets from one cycle to the next. Any large variations need to be identified, explained and reasons established to whether the variations benefited the company, or caused a loss as consequences of problems. From this point management can make adjustments to correct any problems, or future planning, so these losses or problems do not repeat again. The benefits can be capitalized upon as well. Financial statements are useful to employees for the reason of collective bargaining, discussing compensation, and ranking. Employees also use this information as a means to determine the ability of the company to provide retirement benefits and opportunities for advancement. Financial Statements are useful to investors as they hold an interest in the profits of the company. The investors are looking for a return in the money they have invested, usually in the form of stocks, as they seek increases in stock value and profitability. Lending decisions to be made by creditors are based upon the financial statements. The creditors want to ensure that the companies they are lending the funds to have the ability to manage its finances so they are not at risk of not being able to pay back its debts. References: Kimmel, P. D. (2009). Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making (5th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database..

The New Professional Discipline of Ethnography Essay

The New Professional Discipline of Ethnography - Essay Example The idea is to come up with a scientific description of the people being studied and give any outside observers a very good idea of how a society had developed over generations, creating its own culture. Ethnography used to be a sub-specialty of anthropology which in turn is the study or the science of the origins, biological characteristics, cultural development and the social customs or beliefs of mankind. However, ethnography is a much more narrowly-focused study of unique cultures and is now recognized as a separate discipline by itself. The aims of ethnography are to come up with interesting or unusual explanations of some observed behaviors and phenomena among the people being studied. It is an intensive type of fieldwork that requires immersion in the culture or society that is studied, by spending weeks, months or even years among the people. This paper discusses the rationale for the study of the Nuer people of Africa, a primitive society but which has endured over the years, in ways similar to biblical tribes. Some theoretical questions that can be asked for this particular study are what are the benefits, insights or expectations of studying these people who seem to belong to the early era of human history? Is a study like this not a waste of time, when it seems to be going backward instead of forward? The Nuer people consists of several tribes, numbering close to 900,000 persons living in the areas of South Sudan and western parts of Ethiopia. Their main source of livelihood is cattle raising, although they rarely eat beef except on some special occasions but maintain cattle herds chiefly as a milk source for them. The word Nuer means â€Å"original people† and they belong to the same ethnic group as the Dinka and Atwot (the two other main tribes living in this region) which speak the same uniform Nilotic language, with no discernible or observable dialects. The reason why they own cattle is largely cultural, in the sense it determines the political  hierarchy or social standing of Nuer men, based on the quantity and quality of the cattle herd he has.

Informational interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Informational interview - Essay Example dent of me to conduct a personalized interview with some of the accountants who have made it to the top in order to become adept with the skills and challenges they faced. c) During my interviews, the interviewees were more than interested and willing to offer the information I ask for. Their corporation partly showed their experience and the importance of sharing information to other people.d)A part from the learned skills employees’ performance requires a lot more of interpersonal skills to allow right communication with employers, other employees and customers. In fact, to improve your career and get promotions especially in the field of accounting you need to put more diligence, creativity, and ethics at work. e) I am going to talk about the information I got from an interview with an accountant onhow the skills and challenges experienced overtime in the field of accounting are crucial to the transcending of his career to greater heights even to the position of a CFO. a) Good communication skills: As an accountant aspiring to be a manager, you need effective communication skills in order to relay you facts efficiently to the junior as well as senior staff. This will also help you reduce making many